Indexology^® Blog

Most bond markets ended on a positive note in 2014. Some of the outperformers are the S&P Eurozone Developed Sovereign Bond Index (up 11.98%), the S&P U.S. Issued Investment Grade Corporate Bond Index (up 7.71%) and the S&P China Government Bond Index (up 10.35%). Yet the global yields remained low, i.e. the yield-to-worst of the S&P Eurozone Developed Sovereign Bond Index tightened by 92bps to 0.98%. Please see Exhibit 1 for the selective total return and yield comparisons.

Exhibit 1: Total Return and Yield-To-Worst Comparisons

With the global uncertainties in economic growth, inflation and monetary policy remain; portfolio diversification seems to be the key in 2015, which allows upside participation while minimizes the downside risk of over-concentration.

Looking into 8-year historical data, despite the differences in their economies and monetary policies, the S&P/BGCantor U.S. Treasury Bond Index has a correlation of 0.47 with the S&P Eurozone Developed Sovereign Bond Index.

On the other hand, the U.S. and European bond markets exhibited low correlations with the Pan Asia and Chinese local currency bond markets over the same period.

Specifically, the S&P China Corporate Bond Index had a negative correlation with the U.S. issued high yield and investment grade bonds.

Hence, Pan Asian bonds offer portfolio diversification through the exposure to local rates, credits and currencies. For more information on the performance of the S&P Pan Asia Bond Index family, please visit here.

*Correlation data are as of December 31, 2014, computed from the monthly returns since December 29, 2006.

The 2015 rebalance for commodity indices may be remembered as the one trying to catch a falling knife.  Today, two significant events are happening in commodity indices: 1. The world production weighted S&P GSCI is entering its first year with Brent crude oil as the biggest commodity in the index, overtaking WTI. 2. The passive index may be the absolute smartest or dumbest strategy of the year by reallocating to oil now.

In 2014, the target weights of Brent and WTI in the S&P GSCI were 23.1% and 23.7% but with returns of -47.3% from Brent and -45.9% from WTI, the weights by the year’s end fell to 18.1% in Brent and 19.7% in WTI. Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices. Data from Jan 30, 1987 to Jan 8, 2015. Past performance is not an indication of future results.

Now amid of one of the worst oil drops in history, the index is adding significant weights to both Brent and WTI bringing them up to their 2015 target weights of 24.7% in Brent and 24.5% in WTI. Not only is the total weight of 11.3% that is being added to crude big, the increase in Brent, the poorer performing oil of the pair, is much bigger with a 6.6% increase versus only a 4.7% for WTI.  Please see the charts below:

Sound risky? Rebalancing is one of the main sources of return in commodity indexing:

According to PIMCO, the rebalancing return can naturally accrue from periodically resetting a portfolio of assets back to its strategic weights, causing the investor to sell assets that have gone up in value and buy assets that have declined.  Lower cross correlation increases the return benefits from rebalancing.

As of yesterday, Brent lost 53.4% and WTI lost 53.6% off theirs highs in June last year (based on monthly data) and in 2008-9 the drawdowns were 66.4% for Brent and 68.0% for WTI.  As I’ve mentioned before, it wouldn’t be unprecedented to see oil fall more but based on history it looks as if much of the damage has been done.  We’ll see if the 2015 rebalance ends handle-side or blade-side down.

Money is often described has having four functions: store of value, unit of account, medium of exchange and a source of anxiety.  Investors reading about the FOMC minutes published earlier this week are focused exclusively on the last function worrying about what will happen when the Fed raises interest rates.  A glance at the last two times the Fed shifted from easing to raising rates suggests that these fears are misplaced.  As Boston Fed President Eric Rosengren explained in a speech this week, even with some unusual market conditions, the Fed’s shift shouldn’t send markets into turmoil.

The last two Fed tightening moves began in February, 1994 and in June 2004.  Both were taken in stride in the economy, the stock market and the foreign exchange markets.  The move in February, 1994 was a bit more of a surprise than the 2004 shift. Moreover, in 1994 most Fed Watchers expected the Fed to move slowly and raise the Fed funds rate gradually over several quarters. However the central bank moved more quickly and the faster pace created some disturbance in the mortgage backed securities market.  At the same time technology stocks began a five year bull run of mythical proportions.

The charts show what happened when the Fed began tightening in 1994 and again in 2004.  On each chart the two vertical lines mark the timing of the Fed’s move.  The market where a reaction was expected and did occur is the treasury market. Short rates rose, long rates rose but by less and the spread narrowed.  When the Fed moves next time it is possible that long rates will move quite a bit. The 10 year T-note yield at about 2% is unusually low and any effort to move the markets back to a more normal condition could more than double the yield on the ten year note.

In both 1994 and 2004 the stock market took the move in stride and continued to advance. The 1994 move did see VIX bounce a bit, but neither move led to a bear market. If the next move is being driven by further declines in unemployment and inflation finally touches 2%, the immediate risk to the stock market is likely to be small.

There is some concern at the Fed about how a tightening move may affect foreign economies, especially since they are currently suffering from weaker conditions than in the US. The last chart shows the dollar versus the euro, British pound and the yen.  The Fed’s move isn’t likely to change the dollar’s current strength much. However, higher US interest rates could put upward pressure on some foreign interest rates and raise borrowing costs for foreign economies with dollar-denominated debts.

Lest we banish all anxiety about the Fed, think again.  The initial Fed move isn’t likely to cause massive damage. However, the Fed’s first step will probably be followed by further tightening and the cumulative effect will grow.  For investors the message of the data is not to panic at the Fed’s first tightening move, but not to ignore it either.

This morning’s inbox brought the suggestion that “Volatility in equity markets … could be the medicine active managers need to cure their woes…. Increased volatility and rising interest rates should present opportunities for actively managed products relative to indexes that track broad market movements.”  I was particularly struck by this comment because a year ago we were told that falling correlations would be the key to good active performance in 2014.

The problem is that there is a positive relationship between correlation and market volatility.  Other things equal, if correlations rise, volatility will rise, and if correlations fall, volatility will fall.  It cannot logically be that lower correlations (and hence lower volatility) help active managers one year, and that higher volatility (implying higher correlations) helps in the next.  So, an observer is entitled to ask, which is it?

The answer (spoiler alert) is: neither.  The opportunity available to active managers is driven by the market’s dispersion, not by the correlation of the market’s components.  Dispersion measures the average difference between the return of each of an index’s constituents and the index’s return.  High dispersion means a wide gap between the best and worst performers, and lots of opportunity for stock pickers; low dispersion means a narrow gap and less opportunity. The size of the opportunity is important: historically, the gap between better- and worse- performing active managers widens when dispersion goes up.  When dispersion is low, it’s relatively difficult for even a skillful active manager to generate enough excess return to overcome his fees and expenses — and leave any alpha for his clients.

In 2014, dispersion for the S&P 500 (and many other indices) was at or near all-time lows, and active managers were notably unsuccessful in adding value.  Regardless of market volatility, until dispersion rises, most active managers will continue to be challenged.

Times have changed: people of a certain age will remember when inflation was investors’ biggest worry, now in Europe the fear is deflation – falling prices.  The chart shows the rate of price change in the Eurozone since 2000. It has been falling steadily for over three years. With the December report out yesterday, prices are now falling.

Deflation now is a slow creeping problem rather than an imminent disaster.  However, as it continues it will squeeze the economy and shift consumer and business attitudes about spending and investment. If not reversed the damage could be long lasting.  Deflation’s principal issues are the impact on debt, on consumer spending and business investment and on the central bank policy.

Deflation with its accompanying economic problems is a negative for stocks and is likely to weaken the euro further.  The only winners are bond holders – providing the bonds are repaid.

Debt deflation – when prices fall any financial instrument denominated dollars and not adjusted for deflation becomes more valuable.  Paying off debts, loans or bonds becomes more difficult as prices fall and their value rises. Businesses cut their prices and revenues fall while the real cost of debt service rises. Only if interest rates could fall below zero could debts adjust for deflation.  Debtors face increasing difficulties and potential borrowers are scared away by the high cost of debt.  Sectors of the economy where growth depends on credit suffer.  Housing would be one of the first hurt.

As prices fall, money becomes more valuable because the same number of dollars buys more.  Incentives to spend or invest whither as consumers and business recognize that it is easier and safer to leave money in the bank and watch it appreciate in value. Over time the economy would gradually grind to a halt.

Deflation is also a challenge for the central bank.  While prices drift down, advice to the European Central Bank (ECB) is mounting higher and higher.  The ECB is expected to implement quantitative easing, but it will face some challenges. First, the supply of bonds is smaller and more diverse than what the Fed bought in the US, making the program harder to implement and its impact harder to gauge. Secondly, Germany may try to block or limit quantitative easing out of fears that it would bailout debtor countries or sow the seeds of future inflation. Hopefully the ECB will move quickly and aggressively – the longer it waits, the worse will be consumer spending and business investment and the harder it will be to make any progress. Even an aggressive QE program may not work in the near term. Chances of successfully reversing deflation and avoiding recession without some fiscal stimulus are limited.