Indexology^® Blog

Style indices have behaved differently internationally and in the U.S. This year, U.S. growth stocks, represented by the S&P United States BMI Growth (up 14.8% as of the end of September 2025), outperformed the broader U.S. market (up 14.4%). Outside the U.S., the S&P Global Ex-U.S. BMI Value (up 30.7%) has performed better (see Exhibit 1). What can we learn about this?

First, how are value and growth defined for the S&P Global BMI Series? As per the Global BMI methodology, stocks are classified based on a growth-to-value score ratio. The scores are calculated using four standardized financial metrics for value and three for growth (see Exhibit 2). In short, value focuses on undervalued stocks, while growth cares more about potential.

This year’s dominance of growth in the U.S. is a story of two words: artificial intelligence. Generally, growth indices tend to be skewed to the Information Technology and Communication Services GICS^® sectors. As of the end of September, the weight of IT in the S&P United States BMI Growth was 45.9% (see Exhibit 3). As the AI rally has continued this year, it is common that an index with a high weight in these stocks rises. Internationally, the S&P Global Ex-U.S. BMI Growth (up 24.9%) performance was also mainly attributed to IT stocks.

While growth slightly outperformed value in the U.S., internationally, the differential of value over growth was higher as market participants increasingly looked for undervalued stocks.

The S&P Global Ex-U.S. BMI Value ended 2024 below its 10-year average P/E ratio (see Exhibit 4), though it did end September slightly above its 10-year average. This index tends to be heavy on Financials and Industrials (see Exhibit 5), with the former benefiting from strong bank earnings, lowering interest rates and resilient economic activity, and the latter by increased defense spending, especially in Europe.

However, this dynamic doesn’t necessarily always hold. Since 2020, U.S. growth mostly outperformed the broader U.S. market, and value performed better internationally, but Exhibit 6 shows that style rotation has happened. Economic cycles, valuation disparity and investor sentiment play an important role in the dominance of one style over the other.

The performance of style strategies has not always been the same across regions. This year, specific conditions have led to growth’s outperformance in the U.S. and value’s outperformance internationally. Style dominance trends go ’round and ’round before fading into view again. Only time can tell which remains—for now.

September’s S&P Thematics Dashboard was led by strong performance across technology- and industrial metals-linked themes. Quantum Technology surged 38%, while precious and industrial metals rallied sharply amid macroeconomic signals. In contrast, different discretionary spending- and resources-related themes softened.

Quantum and Data Infrastructure Lead

Quantum Technology was the month’s standout. IBM and HSBC claimed the execution of the world’s first quantum-powered bond trades, delivering a 34% improvement in efficiency compared with traditional methods.¹ Researchers also reported scientific progress, suggesting that quantum processors could outperform classical supercomputers in real-world applications.² Together, these milestones boosted confidence in the commercial viability of quantum computing.

The positive sentiment also expanded into infrastructure, with Data Centers & High-Performance Computing advancing 21%, lifted by large-scale capital commitments such as OpenAI and Oracle’s USD 300 billion agreement and Nvidia’s pledge to invest up to USD 100 billion in AI capacity.³

Digital Assets Regain Momentum

After a quiet August, Cryptocurrency & Digital Assets rose 19% and Blockchain & Distributed Ledger Technology added 12%. European banks unveiled plans for a euro-denominated stablecoin.⁴ This move is intended to counter U.S. digital market dominance. Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking seeking to implement the U.S. GENIUS Act’s guidance for stablecoin issuers and related service providers, helping foster innovation under clearer regulatory framework.⁵

Metals Momentum Continues

Metals extended their strong summer rally. Silver climbed 21%, with Costco reporting gold bullion as a top-selling e-commerce product.⁶ Gold gained 18% on safe-haven demand,⁷ and Copper rose 18% on evidence of Chinese stockpiling and electrification-driven demand.⁸ Broader mining equities benefited from renewed discussion of a potential commodity “super cycle”⁹ and speculation that the U.S. may take on more direct equity stakes in lithium production.¹⁰

Consumer and Resources Struggles

Not all areas participated in the rally. Discretionary spending-linked themes struggled, with Tourism (-5%) under pressure from sustained costs for operators and weaker international demand amid elevated airfares, extreme weather and geopolitical uncertainty, even as domestic travel remained resilient.¹¹ Gambling also retreated (-6%). Another notable underperforming segment was Resources, with Wood (-5%) facing headwinds from environmental policies and new tariff measures.¹² The S&P Global Timber & Forestry Index also lagged (-3%), marking its third-worst monthly performance of the year.

Beyond Performance: Robotics Innovation in China

Beyond performance, an emerging theme to spotlight this month is humanoid robotics, particularly in China. China launched large-scale “robot boot camps” to train and test humanoids across retail, healthcare and manufacturing environments. The new Chinese government-backed Robot Mall also invites the public to interact with service robots capable bridging the gap between laboratory prototypes and real-world use .¹³ These developments highlight China’s push to lead not only in AI infrastructure but also in its physical embodiment.

Conclusion

September underscored investors’ dual focus on continuing technological innovation and precious metal strength. From quantum computing and AI infrastructure to China’s humanoid robotics surge and a continuing precious metals rally, the month revealed how technology and the macro backdrop continue to drive thematic performance.

Check out thematic index performance and trends in the S&P Thematics Dashboard.

¹ https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-stock-price-quantum-computing-hsbc-bond-trading-markets-2025-9

² https://web-assets.bcg.com/89/00/d2d074424a6ca820b1238e24ccc0/bcg-what-happens-when-if-turns-to-when-in-quantum-computing-jul-2021-r.pdf

³ https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/776170/oracle-openai-300-billion-contract-project-stargate

⁴ https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/big-european-banks-form-company-launch-stablecoin-2025-09-25/

⁵ https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0254

⁶ https://www.businessinsider.com/gold-bars-costco-silver-coins-bullion-top-sellers-2025-10

⁷ https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/commodities-could-be-verge-new-super-cycle-2025-09-18/

⁸ https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/copper-gains-as-supply-disruptions-and-strong-chinese-demand-weigh-on-markets/ar-AA1N3bNB?ocid=finance-verthp-feeds

⁹ https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/commodities-could-be-verge-new-super-cycle-2025-09-18/

¹⁰ https://www.theverge.com/news/790057/lithium-mine-us-trump-us-government-stake-thacker-pass

¹¹ https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/solid-us-consumer-spending-in-august-underscores-economys-resilience/ar-AA1NnKh2?ocid=BingNewsSerp

¹² https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-sets-10-tariff-lumber-imports-higher-rates-wooden-products-2025-09-30/

¹³ https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/china-beijing-humanoid-robot-store-c9fb9f2880084b2cd6c5eda638d019fa

The S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index measures a selection of high-dividend-yielding stocks, while the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index (GARP standing for growth at a reasonable price) measures the performance of the top growth stocks with high quality and value composite scores selected from the respective underlying index universe. In this blog, we will explore how integrating these two index strategies potentially results in enhanced long-term risk-adjusted index performance based on hypothetical back-tested data.

Understanding the Indices

The S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index tracks the performance of 50 high-dividend-yielding companies from the S&P/ASX 200, after screening out A-REITS and low momentum stocks.¹ Across back-tested time horizons, the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index demonstrated a higher theoretical dividend yield and better total return performance than the S&P/ASX 200. Based on back-tested data, for the period July 31, 2011, to Aug. 31, 2025, the index would have had an average trailing 12-month dividend yield of 5.6% and an annual excess return of 1.91% when compared with the S&P/ASX 200.

On the other hand, the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index could help to identify growth companies while considering valuation and quality. It starts with 150 stocks with high growth scores, then selects 50 stocks with the highest quality and value composite scores.² Across back-tested time horizons, the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index exhibited an ability to reflect growth opportunities. For the period from July 31, 2011, to Aug. 31, 2025, the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index would have outperformed the S&P/ASX 200 by 2.05% per year.

Combination Results

While high-dividend index strategies are often concentrated in the Financials sector, the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index tends to underweight Financials.³ As of Aug. 31, 2025, the Financials sector accounted for 43.6% and 6.6% of the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index and S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index, respectively. Given these weights, the hypothetical combination of GARP and dividend index strategies would potentially complement sector weighting, demonstrate lower tracking error to the S&P/ASX 200 benchmark and ultimately improve risk-adjusted performance, all based on back-tested data.

We combined the two indices at various proportions moving from 100% in the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index to 100% in the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index by 10% increments, which resulted in 11 hypothetical combinations as illustrated in Exhibit 1. All hypothetical combinations are rebalanced semiannually. For the period July 31, 2011, to Aug. 31, 2025, a hypothetical composition of 50% in the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index and 50% in the S&P/ASX High Dividend Index generated a higher total return at a lower volatility compared with either standalone index.

Comparing with the Regional Core Benchmark: S&P/ASX 200

Exhibit 2 shows the risk/performance profiles of the S&P/ASX 200, S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index, S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index and the 50/50 hypothetical composition. Across the back-tested time horizon from July 31, 2011, to Aug. 31, 2025, the 50/50 combination posted a higher annualized total return of 11.7% at a lower volatility of 12.82%, resulting in a better risk-adjusted return of 0.91. It outperformed the S&P/ASX 200 by 2.07% per year.

Exhibit 3 illustrates the rolling three-year back-tested performance of the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index, S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index and a 50/50 hypothetical combination of the two indices. From the 135 samples observed from July 2011 to August 2025, the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index and S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index would have outperformed the S&P/ASX 200 52% and 65% of the time, respectively. The outperformance rate was even higher after combining the indices. The 50/50 hypothetical composition outperformed the S&P/ASX 200 in 87% of the samples observed, with an average excess return of 1.8%. An outperformance rate of nearly 90% underscores the performance resilience of the 50/50 combination across various market conditions.

Thanks to diversification, a hypothetical 50/50 combination had a significantly lower tracking error against the S&P/ASX 200 than each component index. Exhibit 4 shows the rolling three-year tracking error. From July 31, 2011, to Aug. 31, 2025, the average tracking error of the 50/50 combination would have been 3.4%, which was lower than the 6.0% of the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index and the 4.3% of the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index.

In conclusion, the hypothetical combination of the S&P/ASX 200 High Dividend Index and the S&P/ASX 200 GARP resulted in a composition with a relatively low tracking error to its benchmark but better historical performance than the S&P/ASX 200, historically. This demonstrates the potential for factor index applications in the Australian market.

¹ For index methodology, please refer to: https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/methodology/article/sp-high-dividend-indices-methodology/

² For index methodology, please refer to: https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/methodology/article/sp-garp-indices-methodology/

³ Jason Ye (August 2025). Introducing the S&P/ASX 200 GARP Index

China’s vast development of renewable energy and infrastructure is more than just an engineering feat. It is the foundation for the age of artificial intelligence. From solar farms to high-speed rail and 5G networks, these investments provide the power and connectivity needed to operate AI at scale. The impact of these advancements is reflected by a variety of S&P DJI China benchmarks, which, through the inclusion of different share classes, offer distinct perspectives into the country’s capital markets. For example, the S&P China 500 and its subset, the S&P China 50 Index, provide a comprehensive view across listings, while the S&P China A 300 Index and S&P China A 50 offer a domestic perspective.

Energy as the AI Backbone

AI is energy-intensive, and China, the world’s largest electricity producer since 2011, has rapidly expanded renewables, lifting their share from 28% in 2021 to 36% today.¹ In the first half of 2025, China added nearly 250 gigawatts of solar and wind energy, raising its total solar capacity above 1 terawatt, which accounts for over half of the global capacity.²

Despite its dominance, China is often underweighted in global benchmarks. In the S&P Global Clean Energy Transition Index, China accounts for approximately 13% of the index weight but 32% of the constituents. Structural factors such as state ownership, lower valuations and historical access constraints result in global benchmarks that understate China’s role. Interestingly, much of the index’s clean energy coverage (54%) falls under the GICS^® Utilities sector, including electric and renewable power producers.³

In contrast, domestic benchmarks such as the S&P China 500 Energy Index and the S&P China 500 Utilities Index provide pure China coverage, measuring firms central to clean energy generation, transmission and distribution.

Infrastructure at Scale

Power alone cannot enable AI without logistics and networks. China operates 48,000 kilometers of high-speed rail (approximately 70% of global mileage),⁴ 7 of the 10 busiest ports⁵ and is the global leader in shipbuilding.⁶ Digital infrastructure has expanded even faster—with 4.4 million 5G base stations and more than 1 billion subscribers, China accounts for approximately 60% of global 5G coverage.^{7, 8}

These achievements are measured by the S&P Asia Infrastructure Index, which tracks leading regional infrastructure companies, with China accounting for approximately 21% of the index weight and one-third of its constituents.

Convergence in Markets

China’s “New Infrastructure” strategy integrates ultra-high-voltage grids, AI computing centers, 5G and smart transport, aligning energy and infrastructure directly with AI. This buildout is accompanied by scientific depth: in 2024 China spent CYN 3.6 trillion (approximately USD 500 billion) on R&D across science and technology, now ranking second globally. It leads in number of academic AI publications, AI patents and STEM PhDs, while the U.S. still leads in top generative AI models. The gap, however, is closing.^{9, 10}

Over the past 12 months, broad-based strength has been visible across China’s sectors, with Information Technology (up 105.1%) benefiting from AI investment, Industrials (up 43.8%) supporting infrastructure buildout and Energy (up 13.9%) providing the foundation. Together, these results demonstrate how China’s strategic priorities are reflected in its markets.

Conclusion

As artificial intelligence becomes a defining theme of the next decade, China’s advances across energy, infrastructure and research provide a unique foundation for growth. This transformation is already visible in the capital markets, with S&P DJI’s China benchmarks offering complementary lenses that measure different aspects of the shift—whether broad, domestic or sector specific.

¹ https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables

² https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/china/policies-action/

³ Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC. Data as of Sept. 12, 2025

⁴ https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3319006/china-vows-high-speed-rail-upgrade-after-years-record-breaking-expansion

⁵ https://www.ship-technology.com/features/the-top-10-busiest-container-ports-in-the-world/

⁶ https://www.csis.org/analysis/china-dominates-shipbuilding-industry

⁷ https://www.rcrwireless.com/20250428/5g/china-reaches-4-5g

⁸ https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/5g-base-station-market

⁹ https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202501/1327442.shtml

¹⁰ https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report

Concentration within the S&P 500^® has risen sharply in recent years, reaching multi-decade highs (see Exhibit 1) and reflecting broader trends in the U.S. large-cap equity market. As a result, more market participants are actively seeking ways to mitigate concentration risk. The S&P 500 3% Capped Index offers a practical approach by applying a straightforward capping rule: no single company may exceed a 3% weight at each quarterly rebalancing. This methodology enables market participants to measure U.S. large-cap equity performance with reduced concentration relative to the S&P 500.

A key measure of diversification is the diversification ratio, which compares the standalone risk of individual constituents to the total risk of the combined index. A higher ratio reflects enhanced diversification. Intuitively, indices that are highly concentrated or exhibit strong constituent correlations tend to have lower diversification ratios.

Over the past five years, as the S&P 500 became increasingly concentrated, the S&P 500 3% Capped Index consistently delivered positive excess diversification (see Exhibit 2). Interestingly, between December 2022 and December 2024—despite elevated market concentration—constituent correlations within the S&P 500 declined sharply from 40% to 19%.¹ This drop in correlation contributed to an increasing diversification ratio during that period.

Beyond diversification, the S&P 500 3% Capped Index was historically more insulated against some of the largest market declines.  Exhibit 3 shows that during the S&P 500’s five worst drawdowns over the past 25 years, the S&P 500 3% Capped Index fell less in four out of five instances.

The S&P 500 3% Capped Index’s lower weight in some of the largest names contributed to it being more insulated during periods of market stress. During peak-to-trough periods, the largest companies typically experienced the sharpest declines (see Exhibit 4). For example, in the second-largest drawdown, the average total return from capped companies was -49.0%, more than 2.5 times that of the remaining companies (-18.5%). The S&P 500 3% Capped Index, with lower weight in these names, was less affected.

Lastly, while both indices experienced similar periods of stress, the smaller drawdowns helped the S&P 500 3% Capped Index to recover more quickly than the S&P 500 (see Exhibit 5).

Conclusion

The S&P 500 3% Capped Index follows a transparent, rules-based methodology and seeks to address concentration concerns. By capping individual company index weights, it has historically helped to mitigate the specific risks associated with dominant names and enhance diversification. A lower weight in some of the largest names contributed to the S&P 500 3% Capped Index’s smaller drawdowns during periods of market stress.

¹ For more information, see Index Dashboard: Dispersion, Volatility & Correlation.